Technological Innovations of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions (815-820)
Patterns Of Industrialization
-Industrialization: Process that transformed a handicraft-centered economy into economies distinguished by industry and machine manufacture.
-Technological developments were critical to industrialization to produce goods by machine instead of hand
-Used energy sources like coal and petroleum
-By the end of the 19th century factories became the predominant site of industrial production in Europe, US, and Japan.
-Factory production encouraged new divisions of labor
-Assembly lines helped with mass production
-Expensive equipment encouraged lots of large businesses
-By the mid 19th century large corporations joined together to control trade through trusts and cartels.
Foundations of Industrialization
-By mid 18th century, Great Britain, Japan m and Yangzi Delta, had growing economies with common features
-They had high agricultural productivity which lead to population growth, encouraging specialized jobs.
-Rivers and canals facilitated trade
-Economies ran up ecological obstacles with soil depletion and deforestation.
Coal and Colonies
-Coal played a crucial role in the industrialization of Great Britain
-Wood used to be the primary source of fuel but it led to deforestation
-Some of Europe's largest coal deposits were in Great Britain
-Without coal deposits, they couldn't have supported the increasing iron production and steam engines
-In China there wasn't the supply of coal that there was in Great Britain at this time
-During the 18th century Europe was supplied with large amounts of cotton and sugar from slave-based plantations
-America supplied Europe with primary products
-Plantation economies or Caribbean islands created markets for manufactured imports from Europe.
-1/2 sugar proceeds from sugar exports paid for importation of manufactured goods from Europe.
-Significance of resources from America grew after 1830
-Grain, timber, and beef, traveled across the Atlantic to European destinations.
-American lands later served as outlets for Europe's surplus population
-Access to coal deposits and exploitation od overseas resources increased the odds for and industrial breakthrough
-Consumer demand transformed the British cotton industry
-During the 17th century, English consumers liked "calicoes" which were inexpensive, bright textiles from India
-Cotton cloth came into demand because it was more practical
-British wool producers convinced Parliament to pass laws to protect the wool industry
-The Calico Acts of 1720 and 1721 prohibited imports of printed cotton textiles and restricted the sale of calicoes at home.
-Parliament passed a law requiring corpses to be buried in wool
-Consumer demand was not hurt by this and led to a British cotton textile industry.
Mechanization of the Cotton Industry
-Demand for cotton was high
-The Flying Shuttle- invented by John Kay in 1733, sped up the weaving process increasing the demand for thread.
The Flying Shuttle
-The Mule- invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779, adapted for steam power by 1790, could produce 100x more thread than a manual spinning wheel
-The Power Loom- invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785, mechanical weaving machine, 2 decades later steam powered it instead of water
-Cotton business became Britain's leading industry by 1830 with half a million people employed in the business and it accounting for 40% of exports
The Power Loom
The Mule
Steam Power
-Steam Engine- invented by James Watt in 1765, burned coal to boil water and create steam
-Horsepower was the measure of energy generated by the steam engine
-Steam Engine did work of numerous animals
-By 1800, 1000+ steam engines were used in the British isles
-Use in textile industry resulted in greater productivity and cheaper prices
Iron and Steel
-After 1709 British smelters used coke- a purified form of coal- instead of charcoal as fuel to make iron.
-Charcoal was scarce and expensive because the main source of charcoal was wood and England was in a time of deforestation
-Bigger blast furnaces could be made with use of coke and production increased so price decreased
-19th century steel was made
-Henry Bessemer in 1856 built a new blast furnace called the Bessemer converter that produced steel cheaper and in larger amounts
-Steel was harder, stronger, and more resilient than iron and began to replace iron for items that needed a lot of strength
Transportation
-James Watt's steam engine used too much coal to be used in transportation.
-Steam-Powered Locomotive- invented by George Stephenson in 1815, reached speeds of 28 mph
-Refined engines were created to use in steamships
-Between 1830 and 1870 13,000 miles of railroads were laid.
-Railroads and Steam Engines carried large amounts of cargo and people reducing the cost of transportation
The Factory System
- most manufacturing took place under the putting-out system - protoindustrial system of production centered on households and involved fewer than ten people
The Factory
-replaced putting-out system and protoindustial factories -big machines did not allow work to be done at home so had to be done at a centralized station -brought together specialized workers -demanded rational organization of job functions -factories enabled managers to have high standards and impose strict work
Working Conditions
-factory system led to emergence of an ower class whose capital finacnced equipment and machinerary that were too expensive for workers to acquire - boring nature of job left mant workers estranged from their work and the products of their labor - many people had to become accustomed to the discipline of the pace of work
Industrial Protest
-1811 and 1816 factory workers went on a rampage and destroyed textile machines that they blamed for their low wages and unemployment -Luddites were a group that that broke out a movement among destroying factories -1813 fourteen luddites were hung which the government served as notice that it was unwilling to tolerate violence against machines
Themes
Interaction between humans and the environment
- technology developments allowed goods to be produced by machine instead of hand -factories opened up new layers of labor -steam engine was invented -factory system was used to manufacture products
Development and Interaction of Cultures
State-building, expansion, and conflict
-workers started revolts against factories because of low wages -jobs were very boring for those who were specialized in skills
Creation, expanision, and interaction of economic systems
-high agriculture productivity led to high job employment
Development and transformation of social structures
Patterns Of Industrialization
-Industrialization: Process that transformed a handicraft-centered economy into economies distinguished by industry and machine manufacture.-Technological developments were critical to industrialization to produce goods by machine instead of hand
-Used energy sources like coal and petroleum
-By the end of the 19th century factories became the predominant site of industrial production in Europe, US, and Japan.
-Factory production encouraged new divisions of labor
-Assembly lines helped with mass production
-Expensive equipment encouraged lots of large businesses
-By the mid 19th century large corporations joined together to control trade through trusts and cartels.
Foundations of Industrialization
-By mid 18th century, Great Britain, Japan m and Yangzi Delta, had growing economies with common features-They had high agricultural productivity which lead to population growth, encouraging specialized jobs.
-Rivers and canals facilitated trade
-Economies ran up ecological obstacles with soil depletion and deforestation.
Coal and Colonies
-Coal played a crucial role in the industrialization of Great Britain-Wood used to be the primary source of fuel but it led to deforestation
-Some of Europe's largest coal deposits were in Great Britain
-Without coal deposits, they couldn't have supported the increasing iron production and steam engines
-In China there wasn't the supply of coal that there was in Great Britain at this time
-During the 18th century Europe was supplied with large amounts of cotton and sugar from slave-based plantations
-America supplied Europe with primary products
-Plantation economies or Caribbean islands created markets for manufactured imports from Europe.
-1/2 sugar proceeds from sugar exports paid for importation of manufactured goods from Europe.
-Significance of resources from America grew after 1830
-Grain, timber, and beef, traveled across the Atlantic to European destinations.
-American lands later served as outlets for Europe's surplus population
-Access to coal deposits and exploitation od overseas resources increased the odds for and industrial breakthrough
-Consumer demand transformed the British cotton industry
-During the 17th century, English consumers liked "calicoes" which were inexpensive, bright textiles from India
-Cotton cloth came into demand because it was more practical
-British wool producers convinced Parliament to pass laws to protect the wool industry
-The Calico Acts of 1720 and 1721 prohibited imports of printed cotton textiles and restricted the sale of calicoes at home.
-Parliament passed a law requiring corpses to be buried in wool
-Consumer demand was not hurt by this and led to a British cotton textile industry.
Mechanization of the Cotton Industry
-Demand for cotton was high-The Flying Shuttle- invented by John Kay in 1733, sped up the weaving process increasing the demand for thread.
-The Mule- invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779, adapted for steam power by 1790, could produce 100x more thread than a manual spinning wheel
-The Power Loom- invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785, mechanical weaving machine, 2 decades later steam powered it instead of water
-Cotton business became Britain's leading industry by 1830 with half a million people employed in the business and it accounting for 40% of exports
Steam Power
-Steam Engine- invented by James Watt in 1765, burned coal to boil water and create steam-Horsepower was the measure of energy generated by the steam engine
-Steam Engine did work of numerous animals
-By 1800, 1000+ steam engines were used in the British isles
-Use in textile industry resulted in greater productivity and cheaper prices
Iron and Steel
-After 1709 British smelters used coke- a purified form of coal- instead of charcoal as fuel to make iron.-Charcoal was scarce and expensive because the main source of charcoal was wood and England was in a time of deforestation
-Bigger blast furnaces could be made with use of coke and production increased so price decreased
-19th century steel was made
-Henry Bessemer in 1856 built a new blast furnace called the Bessemer converter that produced steel cheaper and in larger amounts
-Steel was harder, stronger, and more resilient than iron and began to replace iron for items that needed a lot of strength
Transportation
-James Watt's steam engine used too much coal to be used in transportation.-Steam-Powered Locomotive- invented by George Stephenson in 1815, reached speeds of 28 mph
-Refined engines were created to use in steamships
-Between 1830 and 1870 13,000 miles of railroads were laid.
-Railroads and Steam Engines carried large amounts of cargo and people reducing the cost of transportation
The Factory System
- most manufacturing took place under the putting-out system- protoindustrial system of production centered on households and involved fewer than ten people
The Factory
-replaced putting-out system and protoindustial factories-big machines did not allow work to be done at home so had to be done at a centralized station
-brought together specialized workers
-demanded rational organization of job functions
-factories enabled managers to have high standards and impose strict work
Working Conditions
-factory system led to emergence of an ower class whose capital finacnced equipment and machinerary that were too expensive for workers to acquire- boring nature of job left mant workers estranged from their work and the products of their labor
- many people had to become accustomed to the discipline of the pace of work
Industrial Protest
-1811 and 1816 factory workers went on a rampage and destroyed textile machines that they blamed for their low wages and unemployment-Luddites were a group that that broke out a movement among destroying factories
-1813 fourteen luddites were hung which the government served as notice that it was unwilling to tolerate violence against machines
Themes
Interaction between humans and the environment
- technology developments allowed goods to be produced by machine instead of hand-factories opened up new layers of labor
-steam engine was invented
-factory system was used to manufacture products
Development and Interaction of Cultures
State-building, expansion, and conflict
-workers started revolts against factories because of low wages-jobs were very boring for those who were specialized in skills
Creation, expanision, and interaction of economic systems
-high agriculture productivity led to high job employmentDevelopment and transformation of social structures